The Divine Inspiration of the Bible
Christianity is the religion of a Book. Christianity is
based upon the impregnable rock of Holy Scripture. The starting point
of all doctrinal discussion must be the Bible. Upon the foundation of
the Divine inspiration of the Bible stands or falls the entire edifice
of Christian truth.--"If the foundations be destroyed, what can the
righteous do?" (
It is impossible to over-estimate the importance of the
doctrine of the Divine inspiration of Scripture. This is the strategic
center of Christian theology, and must be defended at all costs. It is
the point at which our satanic enemy is constantly hurling his hellish
battalions. Here it was he made his first attack. In Eden he asked, "Yea,
hath God said?" and today he is pursuing the same tactics. Throughout
the ages the Bible has been the central object of his assaults. Every
available weapon in the devil's arsenal has been employed in his
determined and ceaseless efforts to destroy the temple of God's truth.
In the first days of the Christian era the attack of the enemy was made
openly--the bonfire being the chief instrument of destruction--but, in
these "last days" the assault is made in a more subtle manner and comes
from a more unexpected quarter. The Divine origin of the Scriptures is
now disputed in the name of "Scholarship" and "Science," and that, too,
by those who profess to be friends and champions of the Bible. Much of
the learning and theological activity of the hour, are concentrated in
the attempt to discredit and destroy the authenticity and authority of
God's Word, the result being that thousands of nominal Christians are
plunged into a sea of doubt. Many of those who are paid to stand in our
pulpits and defend the Truth of God are now the very ones who are
engaged in sowing the seeds of unbelief and destroying the faith of
those to whom they minister. But these modern methods will prove no
more successful in their efforts to destroy the Bible than did those
employed in the opening centuries of the Christian era. As well might
the birds attempt to demolish the granite rock of Gibraltar by pecking
at it with their beaks--"For ever, O Lord, Thy Word is settled in
heaven" (
Now the Bible does not fear investigation. Instead of fearing it, the Bible courts and challenges consideration and examination. The more widely it is known, the more closely it is read, the more carefully it is studied, the more unreservedly will it be received as the Word of God. Christians are not a company of enthusiastic fanatics. They are not lovers of myths. They are not anxious to believe a delusion. They do not desire their lives to be molded by an empty superstition. They do not wish to mistake hallucination for inspiration. If they are wrong, they wish to be set right. If they are deceived, they want to be disillusioned. If they are mistaken, they desire to be corrected.
The first question which the thoughtful reader of the Bible has to answer is, What importance and value am I to attach to the contents of the Scriptures? Were the writers of the Bible so many fanatics moved by oracular frenzy? Were they merely poetically inspired and intellectually elevated? or, were they, as they claimed to be, and as the Scriptures affirm they were, moved by the Holy Spirit to act as the voice of God to a sinful world? Were the writers of the Bible inspired by God in a manner no other men were in any other age of the world? Were they invested and endowed with the power to disclose mysteries and point men upward and onward to that which otherwise would have been an impenetrable future? One can readily appreciate the fact that the answer to these questions is of supreme importance. If the Bible is not inspired in the strictest sense of the word then it is worthless, for it claims to be God's Word, and if its claims are spurious then its statements are unreliable and its contents are untrustworthy. If, on the other hand, it can be shown to the satisfaction of every impartial inquirer that the Bible is the Word of God, inerrant and infallible, then we have a starting point from which we can advance to the conquest of all truth.
A book that claims to be a Divine revelation--a claim which, as we shall see, is substantiated by the most convincing credentials--cannot be rejected or even neglected without grave peril to the soul. True wisdom cannot refuse to examine it with care and impartiality. If the claims of the Bible be well founded then the prayerful and diligent study of the Scriptures becomes of paramount importance: they have a claim upon our notice and time which nothing else has, and beside them everything in this world loses its luster and sinks into utter insignificance. If the Bible be the Word of God then it infinitely transcends in value all the writings of men, and in exact ratio to its immeasurable superiority to human productions such is our responsibility and duty to give it the most reverent and serious consideration. As a Divine revelation the Bible ought to be studied, yet, this is the only subject on which human curiosity does not desire information. Into every other sphere man pushes his investigations, but the Book of books is neglected, and this, not only by the ignorant, and illiterate, but by the wise of this world as well. The cultured dilettante will boast of his acquaintance with the sages of Greece and Rome, yet, will know little or nothing of Moses and the prophets, Christ and His Apostles. But the general neglect of the Bible verifies the Scriptures and affords additional proof of their authenticity. The contempt with which the Bible is treated demonstrates that human nature is exactly what God's Word represents it to be--fallen and depraved--and is unmistakable evidence that the carnal mind is enmity against God.
If the Bible is the Word of God; if it stands on an infinitely exalted plane, all alone; if it immeasurable transcends all the greatest productions of human genius; then, we should naturally expect to find that it has unique credentials, that there are internal marks which prove it to be the handiwork of God, that there is conclusive evidence to show that its Author is superhuman, Divine. That these expectations are realized we shall now endeavor to show; that there is no reason whatever for any one to doubt the Divine inspiration of the Scriptures is the purpose of this book to demonstrate. As we examine the natural world we find innumerable proofs of the existence of a Personal Creator, and the same God who has manifested Himself thro' His works has also revealed His wisdom and will thro' His Word. The God of creation and the God of written revelation are One, and there are irrefutable arguments to show that the Almighty who made the heavens and the earth is also the Author of the Bible.
We shall now submit to the critical attention of the reader a few of the lines of demonstration which argue for the Divine inspiration of the Bible.
This argument may be simply and tersely stated thus--Man needed a Divine revelation couched in human language. God had previously given man a revelation of Himself in His created works--which men please to term "nature"--but bears unmistakable testimony to the existence of its Creator, and though sufficient is revealed of God thro' it to render all men "without excuse," yet creation does not present a complete unveiling of God's character. Creation reveals God's wisdom and power, but it gives us a very imperfect presentation of His mercy and love. Creation is now under the curse; it is imperfect, because it has been marred by sin; therefore, an imperfect creation cannot be a perfect medium for revealing God; and hence, also, the testimony of creation is contradictory.
In the spring of the year, when nature puts on her loveliest robes and we see the beautiful foliage of the countryside and listen to the happy songs of the birds, we have no difficulty in inferring that a gracious God is ruling over our world. But what of the winter-time, when the countryside is desolate and the trees are leafless and forlorn, when a pall of death seems to be resting on everything? When we stood by the seashore and watched the setting sun crimsoning the placid waters on a quiet eve, we had no hesitation in ascribing the picture to the hand of the Divine Artist. But when we stand upon the same seashore on a stormy night, hear the roaring of the breakers and the howling wind, see the boats battling with the angry waves and listen to the heart-rending cries of the seamen as they go down into a watery grave, then, we are tempted to wonder if, after all, a merciful God is at the helm. As one walks thro' the Grand Canyon or stands before the Niagara Falls, the hand and power of God seem very evident; but, as one witnesses the desolations of the San Francisco earthquake or the death-dealing effects of the volcanic eruptions of Mount Vesuvius, he is again perplexed and puzzled. In a word then, the testimony of nature is conflicting, and, as we have said, this is due to the fact that sin has come in and marred God's handiwork. Creation displays God's natural attributes but it tells us little or nothing of His moral perfections. Nature knows no forgiveness and shows no mercy, and if we had no other source of information we should never discover the fact that God pardons sinners. Man then needs a written revelation from God.
Our limitations and our ignorance reveal our need. Man is in darkness concerning God. Blot the Bible out of existence and what should we know about His character, His moral attributes, His attitude toward us, or His demands upon us? As we have seen, nature is but an imperfect medium for revealing God. The ancients had the same nature before them as we have, but what did they discover of His character? Unto what knowledge of the one true God did they attain? The seventeenth chapter of the Acts answers that question. When the Apostle Paul was in the famous city of Athens, famous for its learning and philosophical culture, he discovered an altar, on which were inscribed the words, "To the unknown God". The same condition prevails today. Visit those lands which have not been illumined by the light of the Holy Scriptures and it will be found that their peoples know no more about the character of the living God than did the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians.
Man is in darkness concerning himself. From whence am I? What am I? Am I anything more than a reasoning animal? Have I an immortal soul, or, am I nothing more than a sentient being? What is the purpose of my existence? Why am I here in this world at all? What is the end and aim of life? How shall I employ my time and talents? Shall I live only for today, eat, drink, and be merry? What after death? Do I perish like the beasts of the field, or is the grave the portal into another world? If so, whither am I bound? Do these questions appear senseless and irrelevant? Annihilate the Scriptures, eliminate all the light they have shed upon these problems, and whither shall we turn for a solution? If the Bible had never been written how many of these questions could have been satisfactorily answered? A very striking testimony to man's need of a Divine revelation was given by the celebrated but skeptical historian Gibbon. He remarked--"Since, therefore, the most sublime efforts of philosophy can extend no farther than feebly to point out the desire, the hope, or, at most, the probability, of a future state, there is nothing except a Divine revelation that can ascertain the existence and describe the condition of the invisible country which is destine to receive the souls of men after their separation from the body."
Our experiences reveal our need. There are problems to be faced which our wisdom is incapable of solving; there are obstacles in our path which we have no means of surmounting; there are enemies to be met which we are unable to vanquish. We are in dire need of counsel, strength, and courage. There are trials and tribulations which come to us, testing the hearts of the bravest and stoutest, and we need comfort and cheer. There are sorrows and bereavements which crush our spirits and we need the hope of immortality and resurrection.
Our corporate life reveals our need. What is to govern and regulate our dealings one with the other? Shall each do that which is right in his own eyes? That would destroy all law and order. Shall we draw up some moral code, some ethical standard? But who shall fix it? Opinions vary. We need some final court of appeal: if we had no Bible, where should we find it?
Man then needs a Divine revelation; God is able to supply that need; therefore, is it not reasonable to suppose He will do so? Surely God will not mock our ignorance and leave us to grope in the dark! If it is harder to believe that the universe had no creator, than it is to believe that "in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth;" if it is a greater tax upon our faith to suppose that Christianity with all its glorious triumphs is without a Divine Founder, than it is to believe that it rests upon the Person of the Lord Jesus Christ; then, does it not also make a greater demand upon human credulity to imagine that God would leave mankind without an intelligible communication from Himself, than it does to believe that the Bible is a revelation from the Creator to His fallen and erring creatures?
If there is a personal God (and none but a "fool" will deny His existence), and if we are the works of His hands He surely would not leave us in doubt concerning the great problems which have to do with our temporal, spiritual, and eternal welfare. If an earthly parent advises his sons and daughters in their problems and perplexities, warns them of the perils and pitfalls of life which menace their well-being; counsels them with regard to their daily welfare and makes known to them his plans and purposes concerning their future, surely it is incredible to suppose that our Heavenly Father would do less for His children!
We are often uncertain as to which is the right course to pursue; we are frequently in doubt as to the real path of duty; we are constantly surrounded by the hosts of wickedness which seek to accomplish our downfall; and, we are daily confronted with experiences which make us sad and sorrowful. The wisest among us need guidance which our own wisdom fails to supply; the best of humanity need grace which the human heart is powerless to bestow; the most refined among the sons of men need deliverance from temptations which they cannot overcome. Will God mock us then in our need? Will God leave us alone in the hour of our weakness? Will God refuse to provide for us a Refuge from our enemies? Man needs a Counselor, a Comforter, a Deliverer. The very fact that God has a Father's regard for His children necessitates that He should give them a written revelation which communicates His mind and will concerning them and which points them to the One who is willing and able to supply all their need.
To sum up this argument. Man needs a Divine revelation; God is able to supply one; is it not, therefore, reasonable to suppose He will do so? There is then, a presumption in favor of the Bible. Is it not more reasonable to believe that He whose name and nature is Love shall provide us with a lamp unto our feet and a light unto our path, than to leave us to grope our way amid the darkness of a fallen and ruined world?
The full force of the present argument will appeal only to those who are intimately acquainted with the Bible, and the more familiar the reader is with the Sacred Canon the more heartily will he endorse the following statements. Just as a knowledge of Latin is necessary in order to understand the technique of a treatise on pathology or physiology, or just as a certain amount of culture and academic learning is an indispensable adjunct to intelligently follow the arguments and apprehend the illustrations in a dissertation on philosophy or psychology, so a first-hand acquaintance with the Bible is necessary to appreciate the fact that its contents never become commonplace.
One of the first facts which arrests the attention of the student of God's Word is that, like the widow's oil and meal which nourished Elijah, the contents of the Bible are never exhausted. Unlike all other books, the Bible never acquires a sameness, and never diminishes in its power of response to the needy soul which comes to it. Just as a fresh supply of manna was given each day to the Israelites in the wilderness, so the Spirit of God ever breaks anew the Bread of Life to them who hunger after righteousness; or, just as the loaves and fishes in the hands of our Lord were more than enough to feed the famished multitude--a surplus still remaining--so the honey and milk of the Word are more than sufficient to satisfy the hunger of every human soul--the supply still remaining undiminished for new generations.
Although one may know, word for word, the entire contents of some chapter of Scripture, and although he may have taken the time to ponder thoughtfully every sentence therein, yet, on every subsequent occasion, provided one comes to it again in the spirit of humble inquiry, each fresh reading will reveal new gems never seen there before and new delights will be experienced never met with previously. The most familiar passages will yield as much refreshment at the thousandth perusal as they did at the first. The Bible has been likened to a fountain of living water: the fountain is ever the same, but the water is always fresh.
Herein the Bible differs from all other books, sacred or secular. What man has to say can be gathered from his writings at the first reading: failure to do so indicates that the writer has not succeeded in expressing himself clearly, or else the reader has failed to apprehend his meaning. Man is only able to deal with surface things, hence he cares only about surface appearances; consequently, whatever man has to say lies upon the surface of his writings, and the capable reader can exhaust them by a single perusal. Not so with the Bible. Although the Bible has been studied more microscopically than any other book (even its very letters have been counted and registered) by many of the keenest intellects for the past two thousand years, although whole libraries of works have been written as commentaries upon its teachings, and although literally millions of sermons have been preached and printed in the attempt to expound every part of Holy Writ, yet its contents have not been exhausted, and in this twentieth century new discoveries are being made in it every day!
The Bible is an inexhaustible mine of wealth: it is the El Dorado of heavenly treasure. It has veins of ore which never "give out" and pockets of gold which no pick can empty; yet, like earthly treasures, the gems of God must be diligently sought if they are to be found. Potatoes lie near the surface of the ground, but diamonds require much laborious digging, so also the precious things of the Word are only revealed to the prayerful, patient and diligent student.
The Bible is like a spring of water which never runs dry. No matter how many may drink from its life-giving stream, and no matter how often they may quench their thirst at its refreshing waters, its flow continues and never fails to satisfy the needs of all who come and take of its perennial springs. The Bible has a whole continent of Truth yet to be explored. A learned scholar who died during the present year of grace had read through the Bible no fewer than five hundred times! What other book, ancient or modern, Oriental or Occidental, would repay even a fiftieth reading?
How can we account for this marvelous characteristic of the Bible? What explanation can we offer for this startling phenomenon? It is only stating a commonplace axiom when we affirm that what is finite is fathomable. What the mind of man has produced the mind of man can exhaust. If human mortals had written the Bible its contents would have been "mastered" ages ago. In view of the fact that the contents of the Scriptures cannot be exhausted, that they never acquire sameness or staleness to the devout student, and that they always speak with fresh force to the quickened soul that comes to them, is it not apparent that none other than the infinite mind of God could have created such a wonderful Book as the Bible?
The title of this chapter suggests a wide field of study the limits of which we can now only skirt here and there. To begin with the writers of the Old Testament.
Had the historical parts of the Old Testament been a forgery, or the production of uninspired men, their contents would have been very different to what they are. Each of its Books was written by a descendant of Abraham, yet nowhere do we find the bravery of the Israelites extolled and never once are their victories regarded as the outcome of their courage or military genius; on the contrary, success is attributed to the presence of Jehovah the God of Israel. To this it might be replied, Heathen writers have often ascribed the victories of their peoples to the intervention of their gods. This is true, yet there is no parallel at all between the two cases. Comparison is impossible. Heathen writers invariably represent their gods as being blindly partial to their friends and whenever their favorites failed to come out victorious their defeat is attributed to the opposition of other gods or to a blind and unyielding fate. In contradistinction to this, the defeats of Israel, as much as their victories, are regarded as coming from Jehovah. Their successes were not due to mere partiality in God, but are uniformly viewed as connected with a careful observance of His commands; and, in like manner, their defeats are portrayed as the outcome of their disobedience and waywardness. If they transgressed His laws they were defeated and put to shame, even though their God was the Almighty. But we have digressed somewhat. That to which we desire to direct attention is the fact that men who were their own countrymen have chronicled the history of the Israelites, and therein have faithfully recorded their defeats not to an inexorable fate, nor to bad generalship and military failures, but to the sins of the people and their wickedness against God. Such a God is not the creation of the human mind, and such historians were not actuated by the common principles of human nature.
Not only have the Jewish historians recounted the
military defeats of their people, but they have also faithfully
recorded their many moral backslidings and spiritual declinations. One
of the outstanding truths of the Old Testament is that the Unity of
God, that God is One, that beside Him there is none else, that all
other gods are false gods and that to pay them homage is to be guilty
of the sin of idolatry. Against the sin of idolatry these Jewish
writers cry out repeatedly. They uniformly declare that it is a sin
most abhorrent in the sight of heaven. Yet, these same Jewish writers
record how again and again their ancestors (contrary to the universal
leaning towards ancestral adoration and worship), and their
contemporaries, were guilty of this great wickedness. Not only so, but
they have pointed out how some of their most famous heroes sinned in
this very particular. Aaron and the golden calf, Solomon and the later
kings being notable examples--"Then did Solomon build a high place for
Chemosh, the abomination of Moab, in the hill that is before Jerusalem,
and for Molech, the abomination of the children of Ammon. And likewise
did he for all his strange wives, which burnt incense and sacrificed
unto their gods" (
The sin of idolatry, while it is the worst of which Israel was guilty, is not the only evil recorded against them--their whole history is one long story of repeated apostasy from Jehovah their God. After they had been emancipated from the bondage of Egypt and had been miraculously delivered from their cruel masters at the Red Sea, they commenced their journey towards the Promised Land. Between them and their goal lay a march across the wilderness, and here the depravity of their hearts was fully manifested. In spite of the fact that Jehovah, by overthrowing their enemies, had plainly demonstrated that He was their God, yet no sooner was the faith of the Israelites put to the test than their hearts failed them. First, their stores of food began to give out and they feared they would perish from hunger. Trying circumstances had banished the Living God from their thoughts. They complained of their lot and murmured against Moses. Yet God did not deal with them after their sins nor reward them according to their iniquities: in mercy, He gave them bread from heaven and furnished them a daily supply of manna. But they soon became dissatisfied with the manna and lusted after the flesh pots of Egypt. Still God dealt with them in grace.
Shortly after God's intervention in giving the
Israelites food to eat, which ought for ever to have closed their
murmuring mouths, they pitched in Rephidim where "there was no water
for the people to drink. Wherefore the people did chide with Moses, and
said, Give us water that we may drink. And Moses said unto them, Why
chide ye with me? wherefore do ye tempt the Lord? And the people
thirsted there for water; and the people murmured against
Moses, and said, Wherefore is this that thou hast brought us up out of
Egypt, to kill us and our children and our cattle with thirst? And
Moses cried unto the Lord, saying, What shall I do unto this people? they
be almost ready to stone me." What was God's response? Did
His anger consume them? Did He refuse to bear longer with such a
stiff-necked people? No: "The Lord said unto Moses, Go on before the
people, and take with thee of the elders of Israel; and thy rod,
wherewith thou smotest the river, take in thine hand, and go. Behold, I
will stand before thee there upon the rock in Horeb; and thou shalt
smite the rock, and there shall come water out of it, that the people
may drink" (
The above incidents were but sadly typical and
illustrative of Israel's general conduct. When the spies were sent out
to view the Promised Land and returned and reported, ten of them
magnified the difficulties which confronted them and advised the people
not to attempt an occupation of Canaan; and though the remaining two
faithfully reminded the Israelites that the mighty Jehovah could easily
overcome all their difficulties, nevertheless, the nation listened not
but heeded the word of their skeptical advisers. Time after time they
provoked Jehovah, and in consequence the whole of that generation
perished in the wilderness. When the succeeding generation was grown,
under the leadership of Joshua they entered the Promised Land and by
the aid of God overthrew many of their enemies and occupied much of
their territory. But after the death of Joshua we read, "There arose
another generation after them, which knew not the Lord, nor yet the
works which He had done for Israel. And the children of Israel did evil
in the sight of the Lord God of their fathers, which brought them out
of the land of Egypt, and followed other gods, of the gods of the
people that were round about them, and bowed themselves unto them, and
provoked the Lord to anger. And they forsook the Lord, and served Baal
and Ashtaroth" (
In the repeated mention which we have in the Old Testament of Israel's sins, we discover, in light as clear as day, the absolute honesty and candor of those who recorded Israel's history. No attempt whatever is made to conceal their folly, their unbelief, and their wickedness; instead, the corrupt condition of their hearts is made fully manifest, and this, by writers who belonged to, and were born of the same nation. In the whole realm of literature there is no parallel. The record of Israel's history is absolutely unique. The careful reader would at first conclude that Israel as a nation was more depraved than any other, yet further reflection will show that the inference is a false one and that the real fact is that the history of Israel has been more faithfully transmitted than that of any other nation. We mean the history of Israel as it is recorded in the Holy Scriptures, for in striking contrast thereto and in exemplification of all that we have written above, it is noteworthy that Josephus passes over in silence whatever appeared unfavorable to his nation!!
Coming now to the New Testament we begin with the
character of John the Baptist and the position that he occupied. John
the Baptist is presented as a most eminent personage. We are told that
his birth was due to the miraculous intervention of God. We learn that
he was "filled with the Holy Spirit, even from his mother's womb" (
Another striking illustration of our chapter heading--one which many writers have pointed out--is the treatment the Son of God received while He tabernacled among men. For two thousand years Israel's hopes had all centered in the advent of their Messiah. The height of every Jewish woman's ambition was that she might be selected of God to have the honor of being the mother of the promised Seed. For centuries, every pious Hebrew had looked and longed for the day when He should appear who was to occupy David's throne and rule and reign in righteousness. Yet, when He did appear how was the Promised One received? "He was despised and rejected of men." "He came unto His own and His own received Him not." Those who were His brethren according to the flesh "hated" Him "without a cause." The very nation which gave Him birth and to which He ministered in infinite grace and blessing demanded that He should be crucified. The startling thing which we desire to particularly emphasize is, that the narrators of this awful tragedy are fellow countrymen of those upon whose heads rested the guilt of its perpetration. It was Jewish writers who recorded the fearful crime of the Jewish nation against their Messiah! And, we say again, that in the recording of that crime no attempt whatever is made to palliate or extenuate their wickedness; instead, it is denounced and condemned in the most uncompromising terms. Israel is openly charged with having taken and with "wicked hands" slain the "Lord of Glory." Such an honest and impartial recital of Israel's crowning sin can only be explained on the ground that what these men wrote was inspired of God.
One more illustration must suffice. After our Lord's
death and resurrection, He commissioned His disciples to go forth
carrying from Him a message first to His own nation and later to "every
creature." This message, be it noted, was not a malediction called down
upon the heads of His heartless murderers, but a proclamation of grace.
It was a message of good news, of glad tidings--forgiveness was
to be preached in His name to all men. How then would human wisdom
suppose such a message will be received? It is further to be observed
that those who were thus commissioned to carry the Gospel to the lost,
were vested with power to heal the sick and to cast out demons. Surely
such a beneficent ministry will meet with a universal welcome! Yet,
incredible as it may appear, the Apostles of Christ met with no more
appreciation than did their Master. They, too, were despised and
rejected. They, too, were hated and persecuted. They, too, were ill
treated, imprisoned, and put to a shameful death. And this, not merely
from the hands of the bigoted Jews, but from the cultured Greeks and
from the democratic and freedom loving Romans as well. Though these
Apostles brought blessing, they themselves were cursed; though they
sought to emancipate men from the thraldom of sin and Satan, yet they
were themselves captured and thrown into prison; though they healed the
sick and raised the dead, they suffered martyrdom. Surely it is
apparent to every impartial mind that the New Testament is no mere
human invention; and surely it is evident from the honesty of its
writers in so faithfully portraying the enmity of the carnal mind
against God, that their productions can only be accounted for on the
ground that they spake and wrote "not of themselves," but "as they were
moved by the Holy Spirit" (
Take its teachings about God Himself. What does
the Bible teach us about God? It declares that He is Eternal:
"Before the mountains were brought forth, or ever Thou hadst formed the
earth and the world, even from everlasting to everlasting, Thou are
God" (
The teachings of the Bible about man are unique. Unlike
all other books in the world, the Bible condemns man and all his
doings. It never eulogizes his wisdom, nor praises his achievements. On
the contrary, it declares that "every man at his best state is
altogether vanity" (
The picture which the Scriptures give of man is deeply
humiliating and entirely different from all which are drawn by human
pencils. The Word of God describes the state of the natural man in the
following language:--"There is none righteous, no, not one. There is
none that understandeth, there is none that seeketh after God. They are
all gone out of the way, they are together become unprofitable. There
is none that doeth good, no, not one. Their throat is an open
sepulcher; with their tongues they have used deceit; the poison of asps
is under their lips; whose mouth is full of cursing and bitterness.
Their feet are swift to shed blood: destruction and misery are in their
ways: and the way of peace have they not known. There is no fear of God
before their eyes" (
Instead of making Satan the source of all the black
crimes of which we are guilty, the Bible declares, "For from within, out
of the heart of man proceed evil thoughts, adulteries,
fornications, murders, thefts, covetousness, wickedness, deceit,
lasciviousness, an evil eye, blasphemy, pride, foolishness: all these
evil things come from within and defile the man" (
The teachings of the Bible about the world are unique. In nothing perhaps are the teachings of Scripture and the writings of man at such variance as they are at this point. Using the term as meaning the world-system in contradistinction to the earth, what is the direction of man's thoughts concerning the same? Man thinks highly of the world, for he regards it as his world. It is that which his labors have produced and he looks upon it with satisfaction and pride. He boasts that "the world is growing better." He declares that the world is becoming more civilized and more humanized. Man's thoughts upon this subject have been well summarized by the poet in the familiar language--"God is in heaven: All's well with the world." But what saith the Scriptures? Upon this subject, too, we discover that God's thoughts are very different from ours. The Bible uniformly condemns the world and speaks of it as a thing of evil. We shall not attempt to quote every passage which does this, but shall merely single out a few specimen Scriptures.
"If the world hate you, ye know that it hated Me before
it hated you. If ye were of the world, the world would love his own:
but because ye are not of the world, but I have chosen you out of the
world, therefore the world hateth you" (
The teachings of the Bible about sin is unique. Man
regards sin as a misfortune and ever seeks to minimize its enormity. In
these days, sin is referred to as ignorance, as a necessary stage in
man's development. By others, sin is looked upon as a mere negation,
the opposite of good; while Mrs. Eddy and her followers went so far as
to deny its existence altogether. But the Bible, unlike every other
book, strips man of all excuse and emphasizes his culpability. In the
Bible sin is never palliated or extenuated, but from first to last the
Holy Scriptures insist upon its enormity and heinousness. The Word of
God declares that "sin is very grievous" (
The teaching of the Bible about the punishment of sin is unique. A defective view of sin necessarily leads to an inadequate conception of what is due sin. Minimize the gravity and enormity of sin and you must proportionately reduce the sentence which it deserves. Many are crying out today against the justice of the eternal punishment of sin. They complain that the penalty does not fit the crime. They argue that it is unrighteous for a sinner to suffer eternally in consequence of a short life span of wrong-doing. But even in this world it is not the length of time which it takes to commit the crime which determines the severity of the sentence. Many a man has suffered a life term of imprisonment for a crime which required only a few minutes for its perpetration. Apart, however, from this consideration, eternal punishment is just if sin be looked at from God's viewpoint. But this is just what the majority of men refuse to do. They look at sin and its deserts solely from the human side. One reason why the Bible was written was to correct our ideas and views about sin, to teach us what an unspeakably awful and vile thing it is, to show us sin as God sees it. For one single sin Adam and Eve were banished from Eden. For one single sin Canaan and all his posterity were cursed. For a single sin Korah and his company went down alive into the pit. For one single sin Moses was debarred from entering the Promised Land. For a single sin Achan and his family were stoned to death. For a single sin Elisha's servant was smitten with leprosy. For a single sin Ananias and Sapphira were cut off out of the land of the living. Why? To teach us what an infinite evil it is to revolt against the thrice holy God. We repeat, that did men but see the terribleness of sin--did they but see that it was sin that put to a shameful death the Lord of Glory--then they would realize that nothing short of eternal punishment would meet the demands which justice has upon sinners.
But the great majority of men do not see the meetness or justice of eternal punishment; on the contrary, they cry out against it. In lands which were not illumined by the Old Testament Scriptures, where there existed any belief in a future life, it was held that at death the wicked either passed thro' some temporary suffering for remedial and purifying purposes or else they were annihilated. Even in Christendom, where the Word of God has held a prominent and public place for centuries, the great bulk of the people do not believe in eternal punishment. They argue that God is too merciful and kind to ban one of His own creatures to endless misery. Yea, not a few of the Lord's own people are afraid to take the solemn teachings of the Scriptures on this subject at their face value. It is therefore evident that had the Bible been written by uninspired men; had it been a mere human composition, it certainly would not have taught the eternal and conscious torment of all who die out of Christ. The fact that the Bible does so teach is conclusive proof that it was written by men who spake not of themselves, but as they were "moved by the Holy Spirit."
The teachings of God's Word upon eternal punishment
are as clear and explicit as they are solemn and awful. They declare
that the doom of the Christ rejector is a conscious, never-ending,
indescribable torment. The Bible depicts the place of punishment as a
realm where the "worm dieth not" and "the fire is not quenched" (
The teachings of the Bible about Salvation from Sin
is unique. Man's thoughts about salvation, like every other subject
which engages his mind are defective and deficient. Hence the force of
the admonition--"Let the wicked forsake his way and the unrighteous man
his thoughts" (
In the second place man is ignorant of the way
of salvation. Even when man has been brought to the place where he
recognizes that he is not prepared to meet God, and that if he died in
his present state he would be eternally lost; even then he has no right
conception of the remedy. Being ignorant of God's righteousness he goes
about to establish his own righteousness. He supposes that he must make
some personal reparation for his past wrong-doings, that he must work
for his salvation, do something to merit the esteem of God, and thus
win heaven as a reward. The highest concept of man's mind is that of merit.
To him salvation is a wage to be earned, a crown to be coveted, a prize
to be won. The proof of this is to be seen in the fact that even when
pardon and life are presented as a free gift, the universal
tendency, at first, is to regard it as being "too good to be true."
Yet, such is the plain teaching of God's Word--"For by grace are ye
saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God:
not of works; lest any man should boast" (
If it is true that man left to himself would never
have fully realized his need of salvation, and would never have
discovered that it was by grace thro' faith and not of works, how much
less would the human mind have been capable of rising to the level of
what God's Word teaches about the natureof salvation and the
glorious and marvelous destiny of the saved! Who would have
thought that the Maker and Ruler of the universe should lay hold of
poor, fallen, depraved men and women and lifting them out of the miry
clay should make them His own sons and daughters, and should seat them
at His own table! Who would ever have suggested that those who deserve
naught but everlasting shame and contempt, should be made "heirs of God
and joint-heirs with Christ"! Who would have dreamed that beggars
should be lifted from the dunghill of sin and made to sit together with
Christ in heavenly places! Who would have imagined that the corrupted
offspring of disobedient Adam should be exalted to a position higher
than that occupied by the unfallen angels! Who would have dared to
affirm that one day we shall be "made like Christ" and "be for ever
with the Lord"! Such concepts were as far beyond the reach of the
highest human intellect as they were of the rudest savage. "But as it
is written, eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into
the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that love
Him. But God hath revealed them unto us by His Spirit:
for the Spirit searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of God" (
Again we ask, what human intellect could have devised a means whereby God could be just and yet merciful, merciful and yet just? What mortal mind would ever have dreamed of a free and full salvation, bestowed on hell-deserving sinners, "without money and without price"! And what flight of carnal imagination would ever have conceived of the Son of God Himself being "made sin" for us and dying the Just for the unjust?
The teaching of the Bible concerning the Saviour of sinners is unique. The description which the Scriptures furnish of the Person, the Character, and the Work of the Lord Jesus Christ is without anything that approaches a parallel in the whole realm of literature. It is easier to suppose that man could create a world than to believe he invented the character of our adorable Redeemer. Given a piece of machinery that is delicate, complex, exact in all its movements, and we know it must be the product of a competent mechanic. Given a work of art that is beautiful, symmetrical, original, and we know it must be the product of a master artist. None but an Angelo could have designed Saint Peter's; none but a Raphael could have painted the "transfiguration;" none but a Milton could have written a "Paradise Lost." And, none but the Holy Spirit could have produced the peerless portrait of the Lord Jesus which we find in the Gospels. In Christ all excellencies combine. Here is one of the many respects in which He differs from all other Bible characters. In each of the great heroes of Scripture some trait stands out with peculiar distinctness--Noah, faithful testimony; Abraham, faith in God; Isaac, submission to his father; Joseph, love for his brethren; Moses, unselfishness and meekness; Joshua, courage and leadership; Job, fortitude and patience; Daniel, fidelity to God; Paul, zeal in service; John, spiritual discernment--but in the Lord Jesus every grace is found. Moreover, in Him all these perfections were properly poised and balanced. He was meek yet regal; He was gentle yet fearless; He was compassionate yet just; He was submissive yet authoritative; He was Divine yet human; add to these, the fact that He was absolutely "without sin" and His uniqueness becomes apparent. Nowhere in all the writings of antiquity is there to be found the presentation of such a peerless and wondrous character.
Not only is the portrayal of Christ's character without any rival, but the teaching of the Bible concerning His Person and Work is also utterly incredible on any other basis save that they are part of a Divine revelation. Who would have dared to imagine the Creator and Upholder of the universe taking upon Himself the form of a servant and being made in the likeness of men? Who would have conceived the idea of the Lord of Glory being born in a manger? Who would have dreamed of the Object of angelic worship becoming so poor that he had not where to lay His head? Who would have declared that the One before whom the seraphim veil their faces should be led as a lamb to the slaughter, should have suffered His own blessed face to be defiled with the vile spittle of man, and should permit the creatures of His hand to scourge and buffet Him? Whoever would have conceived of Emmanuel becoming obedient unto death, even the death of the Cross!
Here then is an argument which the simplest can grasp. The Scriptures contain their own evidence that they are Divinely inspired. Every page of Holy Writ is stamped with Jehovah's autograph. The uniqueness of its teachings demonstrates the uniqueness of its Source. The teachings of the Scriptures about God Himself, about man, about the world, about sin, about eternal punishment, about salvation, about the Lord Jesus Christ, are proof that the Bible is not the product of any man or any number of men, but is in truth a revelation from God.
In
Again and again men have attempted to predict future events but always with the most disastrous failure, the anticipations of the most far-seeing and the precautions of the wisest are mocked repeatedly by the bitter irony of events. Man stands before an impenetrable wall of darkness, he is unable to foresee the events of even the next hour. None knows what a day may bring forth. To the finite mind the future is filled with unknown possibilities. How then can we explain the hundreds of detailed prophecies in the Scriptures which have been literally fulfilled to the letter, hundreds of years after they were uttered? How can we account for the fact that the Bible successfully foretold hundreds, and in some instances thousands of years beforehand, the History of the Jews, the Course of the Gentiles, and the Experiences of the Church? The most conservative of critics, and the most daring assailants of God's Word are compelled to acknowledge that all the Books of the Old Testament were written hundreds of years before the incarnation of our Lord, hence, the actual and accurate fulfillment of these prophecies can only be explained on the hypothesis that "Prophecy came not at any time by the will of men: but holy men of God, spake, moved by the Holy Ghost."
The Inspirer of the Scriptures has told us that "We
have also a more sure word of prophecy; where unto ye do well that ye
take heed as unto a light that shineth in a dark place" (
"The testimony of Jesus is the Spirit of Prophecy."
The Lamb of God is the one great object and subject of the Prophetic
Word. In
In
But still further was the compass narrowed down, for
we have intimated in the Old Testament Scriptures the very tribe
from which the Messiah was to issue--our Lord was to come of the tribe
of Judah (the "kingly" tribe). He was to be a descendant of
David. Nathan the prophet was commanded by God to go and say to David,
"I will set up thy seed after thee, which shall proceed out of
thy bowels, and I will stablish His kingdom. He shall build an house
for My name, and I will stablish the throne of His kingdom for ever" (
Not only was our Lord's nationality defined
hundreds of years before His incarnation, but the very place of His
birth was also given. In
Further, the very time of Messiah's appearing
was given through both Jacob and Daniel (see
So definite and distinct were the Old Testament prophecies respecting the Birth of Christ, that the hope of Israel became the Messianic Hope; all their expectations were centered in the coming of the Messiah. It is therefore the more remarkable that their sacred Scriptures should contain another set of prophecies which predicted that He should be despised by His own nation and rejected by His own kinsmen. We can only now call attention to one of the prophecies which declared that the Messiah of Israel should be slighted and scorned by His brethren according to the flesh.
In
For more than fifteen centuries the Coming of the Messiah had been the one great national Hope of Israel. From the cradle the sons of Abraham were taught to pray and long for His advent. The eagerness with which they awaited the appearing of the Star of Jacob is absolutely without parallel in the history of any other nation. How then can we account for the fact that when He did come He was despised and rejected? How can we explain the fact that side by side with the intense longing for the manifestation of their King, one of their own prophets foretold that when He did appear men would hide their faces from Him and esteem Him not? Finally, what explanation have we to offer for the fact that such things were predicted centuries before He came to this earth and that they were literally fulfilled to the very letter? As another has said, "No prediction could have seemed more improbable, and yet none ever received a sadder and more complete fulfillment."
We pass on now to those predictions which have reference to the death of our Lord. If it was wonderful that an Israelitish prophet should foretell the rejection of the Messiah by His own nation, what shall we say to the fact that the Old Testament Scriptures prophesied in detail concerning the manner or form of His death? Yet again and again we find this to be the case! Let us examine a few typical instances.
First, it was intimated that our Lord should be
betrayed and sold for the price of a common slave. In
Further; the form of capital punishment reserved for
Jewish criminals was "stoning to death," and in David's time the
experience of "crucifixion" was entirely unknown, yet we find in
Were it necessary, and had we the space at our command, scores of additional fulfilled prophecies relating to the History of Israel, the Course of the Gentiles, and the Experiences of the Church--prophecies just as definite, accurate, and remarkable as those relating to the Person of the Lord Jesus Christ--could be given, but our present limits and purpose forbid us so doing.
Having examined a few of the startling prophecies which treat of the Birth and Death of our Saviour, it now only remains for us to apply in a word the significance of this argument. Many have read over these Scriptures before and perhaps have regarded them as being wonderfully descriptive of the Advent and Passion of Jesus Christ, but how many have carefully weighed the fact that each of these Scriptures were in indisputable existence more than five hundred years before our Lord came to this earth?
Man is unable to accurately predict events which are but twenty-four hours distant; only the Divine Mind could have foretold the future, centuries before it came to be. Hence, we affirm with the utmost confidence, that the hundreds of fulfilled prophecies in the Bible attest and demonstrate the truth that the Scriptures are the inspired, infallible, inerrant Word of God.
"In the volume of the Book it is written of Me" (
It is failure to discern the typical import of the Old Testament Scriptures which has caused so great a part of them to be slighted by so many readers of the Bible. To multitudes of people the Pentateuch is little more than a compilation of effete and meaningless ceremonial rites, and if there is nothing in them more excellent than their outward semblance, then, surely, it is passing strange that they should find a place in the Word of God. Take Christ out of Old Testament ritual and you are left with nothing but the dry and empty shell of a nut. It is therefore a matter of small surprise that those who see so little of Christ in the Old Testament Scriptures should undervalue the instruction and edification to be derived from every part of them, and that they entertain such degrading ideas of their inspiration. Deny that there is a spiritual meaning in all the laws and customs of the Israelites and what food for the soul can be gathered from a study of them? Deny that they are so many typical representations of Christ and His Sacrifice for sin and you cast reproach on the name and wisdom of God by suggesting that He instituted the carnal ordinances, the cumbrous ceremonies, the propitiations by sacrifice of animals, which are recorded in the opening Books of the Bible.
The typical import and the spiritual value of the
Jewish economy, both as a whole and in its many parts, is expressly
affirmed in the New Testament. The Apostle Paul, when referring to
the narratives and events recorded in the Old Testament, declares that,
"Whatsoever things were written aforetime were written for our
learning" (
In addition to the express declarations of the New
Testament quoted above, there are a number of additional passages which
also teach the same thing. John the Baptist hailed our Saviour as "The
Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of the world," that is, as
the great Antitype of the sacrificial lambs of Old Testament
ritual. In His discourse with Nicodemus our Lord alluded to the lifting
up of the Brazen Serpent in the wilderness as a type of His own lifting
up on the Cross. Writing to the Corinthians the Apostle Paul said, "Christ
our Passover is sacrificed for us" (
Several volumes would be filled were we to dwell upon everything in the Old Testament which has a typical meaning and spiritual application. All we can now attempt is to single out a few illustrations as samples, leaving our readers to pursue further this entrancing study for themselves.
The very first chapter of Genesis is rich in its
spiritual contents. Not only does it give us the only reliable and
authentic account of the creation of this world, but it also reveals
God's order in the work of the new creation. In
Next, we read in
In the coats of skin with which the Lord God clothed
our first parents we have an incident that is full of spiritual
instruction and which could never have been invented by man. To obtain
these skins life had to be taken, blood had to be shed, the innocent
(animals) must die in the place of Adam and Eve who were guilty, so as
to provide a covering for them. Thus, the Gospel truths of redemption
by blood-shedding and salvation thro' a substitutionary sacrifice, were
preached in Eden. Be it noted that man did not have to provide a
covering for himself any more than the "prodigal son" did, nor were
they asked to clothe themselves any more than was he: in the one case
we read, "The Lord God made coats of skins and clothed them" (
In the offerings which Cain and Abel presented to the
Lord, and in the response which they met with, we discover a
foreshadowing of New testament truths. Abel brought of the firstlings
of the flock with their fat. He recognized that he was alienated from
God and could not draw nigh to Him without a suitable offering. He saw
that his own life was forfeited thro' sin, that justice clamored for
his death, and that his only hope lay in another (a lamb) dying
in his stead. By faith Abel presented his bloody offering to God and it
was accepted. On the other hand, Cain refused to take the place of a
lost sinner before God. He refused to acknowledge that death was his
due. He refused to place his confidence in a sacrificial substitute. He
brought as an offering to God the fruits of the ground--the product of
his own labors and in consequence, his offering was rejected. Thus, at
the commencement of human history we have shown forth the fact that
salvation is by grace thro' faith and altogether apart from works (
In the great Deluge and the ark in which Noah and
his house found shelter, we have a typification of great spiritual
verities. From them we learn that God takes cognizance of the doings of
His creatures; that He is holy and sin is abhorrent to Him; that His
righteousness requires Him to punish sin and destroy sinners. Yet, here
also we learn that in judgment God remembers mercy, that He has no
pleasure in the death of the wicked; that His grace provides a refuge
if only His sinful creatures will avail themselves of His provision.
Yet only in one place can deliverance from the Divine wrath be found.
In the ark alone is safety and security. And, in like manner, today,
there is only one Saviour for sinners, and that is the Lord Jesus
Christ, "Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none
other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved" (
In the deliverance of Israel from Egypt and their
wilderness journey we see portrayed the history of God's people in the
present dispensation. We, too, were living in a world "without God and
without hope." We, too, were in bondage to the cruel taskmasters of sin
and Satan. We, too, were in imminent danger of falling beneath the
sword of the avenging Angel of Justice. But, for us, too, a way of
escape was provided. For us, too, a Lamb was slain. Unto us, too, was
given the precious promise, "When I see the blood I will pass
over you" (
After our exodus from Egypt there lies before us a
pilgrim journey thro' a barren and hostile wilderness as we journey
toward the Promised Land. We have to pass thro' a strange country and
meet with enemy forces, that we are unable to overcome in our own
strength. For these tasks our own resources--the things we brought with
us out of Egypt--are altogether inadequate, and thus we, too, are cast
upon the sufficiency of Israel's God. And blessed be His name, ample
provision is made for us and grace is furnished for every need. For us
there is heavenly manna in the exceeding great and precious promises of
God. For us there comes water out of the Smitten Rock in the person of
the Holy Spirit (
Let the careful and impartial reader weigh thoroughly what has been said above, and surely it is evident that the numerous resemblances between the story of Israel and the spiritual history of God's children in this dispensation cannot be so many coincidences, and can only be accounted for on the ground that the writings of Moses were inspired by the Living God.
The history of Israel in Canaan as the professed people of God corresponds with the history of the professing church in the New Testament dispensation. After Moses, the one who led Israel out from their Egyptian bondage, came Joshua who led Israel in their conquest of Canaan. So after our Lord left this earth, He sent the Holy Spirit who through the Apostles caused the Jericho's and Ai's of Paganism to be overthrown and the greater part of the world to be evangelized. But after their occupancy of Canaan Israel's history was a sad one, being characterized by spiritual declination and departure from God. So it was with the professing church. Very quickly after the death of the Apostles heresy corrupted the Christian profession, and just as Israel of old grew tired of a theocracy and demanded a human head and king, like the nations which surrounded them, so the professing church became dissatisfied with the New Testament form of church government and submitted to the domination of a pope. And just as Israel's kings became more and more corrupt until God would bear with them no longer and sold His people into captivity, so after the setting up of the Papal See there followed the long period of the Dark Ages when Europe was subjected to a spiritual bondage and when the Word of God was bound in chains. Then, just as God raised up Ezra and Nehemiah to recover the living oracle and to lead out of their captivity a remnant of His people, so in the sixteenth century, a.d., God raised up Luther and honored contemporaries to bring about the great Reformation of Protestantism. Finally: just as after the days of Ezra and Hehemiah the Jews in Palestine witnessed a marked spiritual declination, ultimately lapsing into the ritualism of the Pharisees and the rationalism of the Sadducees from which God's elect were delivered only by the appearing of His own Son, so has history repeated itself. Since Reformation and the last of the Puritans, Christendom has moved swiftly in the direction of the predicted apostasy, and today we have reproduced the ancient Phariseeism in the rapid spread of Roman Catholicism, and the ancient Sadduceeism in the far-reaching effects of the infidelistic Higher Criticism: and as it was before, so it will be again--God's elect will be delivered only by the reappearing of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ.
Thus we see how wonderfully and accurately the Old testament history runs parallel with and anticipated the history of the professing church in the New Testament dispensation. It has been truly said that "Coming events cast their shadows before them," and who but He who knows the end from the beginning and who upholds all things by the word of His power, could have caused the shadow of the Old Testament to have taken the shape they did, and thus give a true and comprehensive parabolic setting forth of that which has taken place thousands of years later!
But not only do the broad outlines of Old Testament history possess a typical meaning, everything in the Old Testament Scriptures has a spiritual value.
Every battle fought by the Israelites, every change in the administration of their government, every detail in their elaborate ceremonialism, and every personal biography narrated in the Bible, is designed for our instruction and edification. The Bible contains nothing that is superfluous. From beginning to end the Scriptures testify of Christ. Inanimate objects like the ark, which tells of security in Christ from the storms of Divine wrath; like the manna, which speaks of Him as the Bread of Life; like the brazen Serpent uplifted on the pole, of the Tabernacle, which presents Him as the meeting place of God and men--all foreshadowed the Redeemer. Living creatures like the Passover Lamb, the sacrificial bullocks, goats and rams, all pointed forward in general and in detail to the great Sacrifice for sins. Institutions like the Passover which prefigured His death; like the waving of the first-fruits, which forecast His resurrection; like the fast of Pentecost with its two loaves baken with leaven, telling of the uniting into one Body of the Jew and the Gentile; like the Burnt, the Meal and the Peace "sweet savor" offerings, which proclaimed the excellency of Christ's person in the esteem of God--all emblemized our blessed Saviour. And, many of the leading personages of Old Testament biography gave a remarkable delineation of our Lord's character and earthly ministry.
Abel was a type of Christ. His name signifies vanity
and emptiness which foreshadowed the Lord Jesus who "made Himself of no
reputation," literally "emptied Himself" (
Isaac was a type of Christ. he was the child of
promise. His nativity was announced by an angel. He was supernaturally
begotten. He was born at an appointed time. He was named by God (
Joseph is a type of Christ. He was Jacob's
well-beloved son. He readily responded to his father's will when asked
to go on a mission to his brethren. While seeking his brethren he
became a "wanderer in the field" (
Moses was a type of Christ. Moses became the adopted
son of Pharaoh's daughter--so that legally he had a mother but no
father, thus typifying our Lord's miraculous birth of a virgin.
During infancy his life was endangered by the evil designs of the ...
ruler. Like Christ's, his early life was spent in Egypt. Later, he
renounced the position of royalty, refusing to be called the son of
Pharaoh's daughter; and he who was rich, for the sake of his people,
became poor. Before he commenced His life's work, a long period was
spent in Midian in obscurity. Here he received a call and commission
from God to go to deliver his brethren out of their terrible bondage.
The credentials of his mission were seen in the miracles which he
performed. Though despised and rejected by the rulers in Egypt, he,
nevertheless, succeeded in delivering his own people. Subsequently, he
became the leader and head of all Israel. In character he was the
meekest man in all the earth. In all God's house he was faithful as a
servant. In the wilderness he sent twelve men to spy out Canaan as our
Lord sent out the twelve Apostles to preach the Gospel. He fasted for
forty days. On the mount he was transfigured so that the skin of his
face shone. He acted as God's prophet to the people, as as the people's
intercessor before God. He was the only man mentioned in the Old
Testament that was prophet, priest and king. He was the giver of a Law,
the builder of a Tabernacle, and the organizer of a Priesthood. His
last act was to "bless the people (
Samson was a type of Christ--see the Book on Judges.
An angel announced his birth (
David was a type of Christ. He was born in Bethlehem. He is described as "of a beautiful countenance and goodly to look upon." His name means "the beloved." By occupation he was a shepherd. During his shepherd life he entered into conflict with wild beasts. He slew Goliath--the opposer of God's people and a type of Satan. From the obscurity of shepherdhood he was exalted to Israel's throne. He was anointed as king before he was coronated. He was preeminently a man of prayer (see the Psalms) and is the only one in Scripture termed "The man after God's own heart." He was a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief, suffering chiefly from those of his own household. Repeated attempts were made upon his life by Israel's ruler. When his enemy (Saul) was in his power he refused to slay him, instead, he dealt with him in mercy and grace. He delivered Israel from all their enemies and vanquished all their foes.
Solomon was a type of Christ. He was Israel's king.
His name signifies "Peaceable," and he foreshadows the
millennial reign of the Lord Jesus when He shall rule as Prince of
Peace. He was chosen and ordained of God before he was crowned. He rode
upon another's mule, not as a warrior, but as the king of peace in
lowly guise (
In the above types we have not sought to be exhaustive but suggestive by singling out only the leading lines in each typical picture. There are many other Old Testament characters who were types of Christ which we cannot now consider at length:--Adam typified His Headship; Enoch His Ascension; Noah as the provider of a Refuge; Jacob as the one who served for a Wife; Aaron as the great High Priest; Joshua as the Captain of our salvation; Samuel as the Faithful Prophet; Elijah as the Miracle worker; Jeremiah as the despised and rejected Servant of God; Daniel as the Faithful Witness for God; Jonah as the One raised from the dead on the third day.
In closing this chapter let us apply the argument. Of the many typical persons in the Old Testament who prefigure the Lord Jesus Christ, the striking, the accurate, and the manifold lights, in which each exhibits Him is truly remarkable. No two of them represent Him from exactly the same viewpoint. Each one contributes a line or two to the picture, but all are needed to give a complete delineation. That an authentic history should supply a series of personages in different ages, whose characters, offices, and histories, should exactly correspond with those of Another who did not appear upon earth until centuries later, can only be accounted for on the supposition of Divine appointment. When we consider the utter dissimilarity of these typical persons to one another; when we note that they had little or nothing in common with each other; when we remember that each of them represents some peculiar feature in a composite Anti type; we discover that we have a literary phenomenon which is truly remarkable. Abel, Isaac, Joseph, Moses, Samson, David, Solomon (and all the others) are each deficient when viewed separately; but when looked at in conjunction they form an harmonious whole, and give us a complete representation of our Lord's miraculous birth, His peerless character, His life's mission, His sacrificial death, His triumphant resurrection, His ascension to heaven, and His millennial reign. Who could have invented such character? How remarkable that the earliest history in the world, extending from the creation and reaching to the last of the prophets--written by various hands thro' a period of fifteen centuries--should from start to finish concentrate in a single point, and that point the person and work of the blessed Redeemer! Verily, such a Book must have been written by God--no other conclusion is possible. Beneath the historical we discern the spiritual: behind the incidental we behold the typical: underneath the human biographies we see the form of Christ, and in these things we discover on every page of the Old Testament the "watermark" of heaven.
The manner in which the Bible has been produced argues against its unity. The Bible was penned on two continents, written in three languages, and its composition and compilation extended through the slow progress of sixteen centuries. The various parts of the Bible were written at different times and under the most varying circumstances. Parts of it were written in tents, deserts, cities, palaces and dungeons; in times of imminent danger and in seasons of ecstatic joy. Among its writers were judges, kings, priests, prophets, patriarchs, prime ministers, herdsmen, scribes, soldiers, physicians and fishermen. Yet despite these varying circumstances, conditions and workmen, the Bible is oneBook, behind its many parts there is an unmistakable organic unity. It contains one system of doctrine, one code of ethics, one plan of salvation and one rule of faith.
Now if forty different men were selected today from such varying stations and callings of life as to include clerks, rulers, politicians, judges, clergy, doctors, farm laborers and fishermen, and each was asked to contribute a chapter for some book on theology or church government, when their several contributions were collected and bound together, would there be any unity about them, could that book truly be said to be one book; or would not their different productions vary so much in literary value, diction and matter as to be merely a heterogeneous mass, a miscellaneous collection? Yet we do not find this to be the case in connection with God's Book. Although the Bible is a volume of sixty-six Books, written by forty different men, treating of such a large variety of themes as to cover nearly the whole range of human inquiry, we find it is one Book, the Book (not the books), the Bible.
Further; if we were to select specimens of literature from the third, fifth, tenth, fifteenth and twentieth centuries of the Christian era and were to bind them together, what unity and harmony should we find in such a collection? Human writers reflect the spirit of their own day and generation and the compositions of men living amid widely differing influences and separated by centuries of time have little or nothing in common with each other. Yet although the earliest portions of the Sacred Canon date back to at least the fifteenth century, b.c., while the writings of John were not completed till the close of the first century, a.d., nevertheless, we find a perfect harmony throughout the Scriptures from the first verse in Genesis to the last verse in Revelation. The great ethical and spiritual lessons presented in the Bible, by whoever taught, agree.
The more one really studies the Bible the more one is convinced that behind the many human mouths there is One overruling, controlling Mind. Imagine forty persons of different nationalities, possessing various degrees of musical culture visiting the organ of some cathedral and at long intervals of time, and without any collusion whatever, striking sixty-six different notes, which when combined yielded the theme of the grandest oratorio ever heard: would it not show that behind these forty different men there was one presiding mind, one great Tone master? As we listen to some great orchestra, with an immense variety of instruments playing their different parts, but producing melody and harmony, we realize that at the back of these many musicians there is the personality and genius of the composer. And when we enter the halls of the Divine Academy and listen to the heavenly choirs singing the Song of Redemption, all in perfect accord and unison, we know that it is God Himself who has written the music and put this song into their mouths.
We now submit two illustrations which demonstrate the unity of the Holy Scriptures. Certain grand conceptions run through the entire Bible like a cord on which are strung so many precious pearls. First and foremost among them is the Divine Plan of Redemption. Just as the scarlet thread runs through all the cordage of the British Navy, so a crimson aura surrounds every page of God's Word.
In the Scriptures the Plan of Redemption is central and fundamental. In Genesis we have recorded the Creation and Fall of man to show that he has the capacity for and is in need of redemption. Next we find the Promise of the Redeemer, for man requires to have before him the hope and expectation of a Saviour. Then follows an elaborate system of sacrifices and offerings and these represent pictorially the nature of redemption and the condition under which salvation is realized. At the commencement of the New Testament we have the four Gospels and they set forth the Basis of Redemption, namely, the Incarnation, Life, Death, Resurrection and Ascension of the Redeemer. Next comes the Book of the Acts which illustrates again and again the Power of Redemption, showing that it is adequate to work its great results in the salvation of both Jew and Gentile. Finally, in the Revelation, we are shown the ultimate triumphs of redemption, the Goal of Salvation--the redeemed dwelling with God in perfect union and communion. Thus we see that though a large number of human media were employed in the writing of the Bible, yet their productions are not independent of each other, but are complementary and supplementary parts of one great whole; that one sublime truth is common to them all, namely, man's need of redemption and God's provision of a Redeemer. And the only explanation of this fact is, that "All Scripture is given by inspiration of God."
Secondly; among all the many personalities presented in the Bible, we find that one stands out above all others, not merely prominent but preeminent. Just as in the scene unveiled in the fifth chapter of the Revelation we find the Lamb in the center of the heavenly throngs, so we find that in the Scriptures also, the Lord Jesus Christ is accorded the place which alone befits His unique Person. Considered from one standpoint the Scriptures are really the biography of the Son of God.
In the Old Testament we have the Promise of our Lord's Incarnation and Mediatorial work. In the Gospels we have the Proclamation of His Mission and the Proofsof His Messianic claims and authority. In the Acts we have a demonstration of His saving Power and the execution of His missionary Program. In the Epistles we find an exposition and amplification of His Precepts for the education of His People. While in the Apocalypse we behold the unveiling or Presentation of His Person and the Preparation of the earth for His Presence. The Bible is therefore seen to be peculiarly the Book of Jesus Christ. Christ not only testified to the Scriptures but each section of the Scriptures testify of Him. Every page of the Holy Book has stamped upon it His photograph and every chapter bears His autograph. He is its one great theme, and the only explanation of this fact is that, the Holy Spirit superintended the work of each and every writer of the Scriptures.
The unity of the Scriptures is further to be seen on the fact that they are entirely free from any real contradictions. Though different writers often described the same incidents--as for example the four evangelists recording the facts relating to our Lord's ministry and redemptive work--and though there is considerable variety in the narrations of these, yet there are no real discrepancies. The harmony existing between them does not appear on the surface, but, often, is only discovered by protracted study, though it is there nevertheless. Moreover, there is perfect agreement of doctrine between all the writers in the Bible. The teaching of the prophets and the teaching of the Apostles on the great truths of God's righteousness, the demands of His holiness, the utter ruin of man, the exceeding sinfulness of sin, and the way of salvation, is entirely harmonious. This might appear a thing easily effected. But those who are acquainted with human nature, and have read widely the writings of men, will acknowledge that nothing but the inspiration of the writers can explain this fact. Nowhere can we find two uninspired writers, however similar they may have been in their religious sentiments, who agree in all points of doctrine. Nay, entire consistency of sentiment is not to be found even in the writings of the same author at different periods. In his later years Spurgeon's statement of some doctrines was much more modified than the utterances of his earlier days. Increasing knowledge causes men to change their views upon many subjects. But among the writers of Scripture there is the most perfect harmony, because they obtained their knowledge of truth and duty not by the efforts of study, but from inspiration by the Holy Spirit of God.
When therefore we find that in the productions of
forty different men there is perfect accord and concord, unison and
unity, harmony in all their teachings, and the same conceptions
pervading all their writings, the conclusion is irresistible that
behind their minds, and guiding their hands, there was the master-mind
of God Himself. Does not the unity of the Bible illustrate the Divine
Inspiration of the Bible and demonstrate the truth of its own assertion
that "God (who) at sundry times and in divers manners spake in
time past unto the fathers by the prophets" (
The influence of the Bible is world-wide. Its mighty power has affected every department of human activity. The contents of the Scriptures have supplied themes for the greatest poets, artists and musicians which the world has yet produced, and have been the mightiest factor of all in shaping the moral progress of the race. Let us consider a few examples of the Bible's influence as displayed in the various realms of human enterprise.
Take away such sublime oratorios as "Elijah" and "The Messiah," and you have taken out of the realm of music something which can never be duplicated; destroy the countless hymns which have drawn their inspiration from the Scriptures and you have left us little else worth singing. Eliminate from the compositions of Tennyson, Wordsworth and Carlisle every reference to the moral and spiritual truths taught in God's Word and you have stripped them of their beauty and robbed them of their fragrance. Take down from off the walls of our best Art Galleries those pictures which portray scenes and incidents in the history of Israel and the life of our Lord and you have removed the richest gems from the crown of human genius. Remove from our statute books every law which is founded upon the ethical conceptions of the Bible and you have annihilated the greatest factor in modern civilization. Rob our libraries of every book which is devoted to the work of elaborating and disseminating the precepts and concepts of Holy Writ and you have taken from us that which cannot be valued in dollars and cents.
The Bible has done more for the emancipation and civilization of the heathen than all the forces which the human arm can wield, put together. Someone has said, "Draw a line around the nations which have the Bible and you will then have divided between barbarism and civilization, between thrift and poverty, between selfishness and charity, between oppression and freedom, between life and the shadow of death." Even Darwin had to concede the miraculous element in the triumphs of the missionaries of the cross.
Here are two or three men who land on a savage island. Its inhabitants posses no literature and have no written language. They regard the white man as their enemy and have no desire to be shown "the error of their ways." They are cannibals by instinct and little better than the brute beasts in their habits of life. The missionaries who have entered their midst have no money with which to buy their friendship, no army to compel their obedience and no merchandise to stir their avarice. Their only weapon is "the Sword of the Spirit," their only capital "the unsearchable riches of Christ," their only offer the invitation of the Gospel. Yet somehow they succeed, and without the shedding of any blood gain the victory. In a few short years naked savagery is changed to the garb of civilization, lust is transformed into purity, cruelty is now kindness, avarice has become unselfishness, and where before vindictiveness existed there is now to be seen meekness and the spirit of loving self-sacrifice. And this has been accomplished by the Bible! This miracle is still being repeated in every part of the earth! What other book, or library of books, could work such a result? Is it not evident to all that the Book which does exert such a unique and unrivaled influence must be vitalized by the life of God Himself?
This wonderful characteristic, namely the unique influence of the Bible, is rendered the more remarkable when we take into account the antiquity of the Scriptures! The last Books which were added to the Sacred Canon are now more than eighteen hundred years old, yet the workings of the Bible are as mighty in their effects today as they were in the first century of the Christian era.
The power of man's books soon wane and disappear. With but few exceptions the productions of the human intellect enjoy a brief existence. As a general rule the writings of man within fifty years of their first public appearance lie untouched on the top shelves of our libraries. Man's writings are like himself--dying creatures. Man comes onto the age of this world, plays his part in the drama of life, influences the audience while he is acting, but is forgotten as soon as the curtain falls upon his brief career; so it is with his writings. While they are fresh and new they amuse, interest or instruct as the wise may be, and then die a natural death. Even the few exceptions to this rule only exert a very limited influence, their power is circumscribed; they are unread by the great majority, yea, are unknown to the biggest portion of our race. But how different with God's Book! The written Word, like the Living Word, is "T